Acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by a sudden (within 1-7 d) and sustained (>24 h) decline in rena…

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Subacute/chronic renal failure

Kidney Failure (KF) is a serious kidney disease characterized by a syndrome of decreased or severely impaired kidney……

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Hypertensive nephropathy

Hypertensive nephropathy is the structural and functional damage to the kidneys caused by primary hypertension and is categorized into benig…

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Metabolic nephropathy

Metabolic nephropathy is divided into two main types: diabetic nephropathy and hyperuricemia nephropathy……

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Immune-mediated nephropathy

Immunologic nephropathies are a group of chronic glomerular diseases with the same immunopathologic……

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Acute/chronic cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation that occurs in the bladder and is mainly caused by specific and non-specific bacterial……

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